概括：这道题是郁超侗同学的课后练习题，主要是关于快高，指导老师为卞老师。 dedecms.com
题目：快高
解：这个一天使用三次,一次两粒,而且要用温水
举一反三
例1： 刻度尺的使用方法及注意事项：a.测量前观察刻度尺的_____和______；b.尺要沿着所测长度,______或_________与起始长度对齐；c.读数时视线与______垂直,要估读到_____________；d.记录数据时要____________[物理练习题]
思路提示：
物体边缘,与物体垂直,零刻度线
1.知识提要 织梦内容管理系统
（1）长度测量是最基本的测量,最常用的工具是刻度尺.
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（2）任何物理量的测量都必须先规定单位. 内容来自dedecms
（3）测量结果由数字和单位组成,并需按有效数字记录. 织梦内容管理系统
（4）测量值和真实值之间的差异叫做误差. 织梦内容管理系统
2.要点点拨 本文来自织梦
（1）正确使用刻度尺
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①使用前：做到三看,即首先看刻度尺的零刻度是否磨损,如已磨损则应重选一个刻度值作为测量的起点.
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其次看刻度尺的测量范围（即量程）.原则上测长度要求一次测量,如果测量范围小于实际长度,势必要移动刻度尺测量若干次,则会产生较大的误差.
最后应看刻度尺的最小刻度值.最小刻度代表的长度值不仅反映了刻度尺不同的准确程度,而且还涉及到测量结果的有效性.量程和最小刻度值应从实际测量要求出发兼顾选择.
②使用时：使用时应注意正确放置和正确观察. 织梦好，好织梦
正确放置的关键是做到：尺边对齐被测对象,必须放正重合,不能歪斜；尺的刻面必须紧贴被测对象,不能“悬空”. 本文来自织梦
正确观察的关键是视线在终端刻度线的正前方,视线与刻面垂直,看清大格及小格数. copyright dedecms
（2）正确记录测量结果
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一般情况下应估读到最小刻度值的下一位.如学生用三角尺最小刻度是mm,用它测量长2cm的长度,若正好对准在刻度线上时,正确记录应为2.00cm,其中2.0cm是尺面准确读出的数,由于无估读数,需在毫米的10分位上加“0”. 织梦内容管理系统
注意：记录测量结果时必须写上相应的单位.
（3）长度单位的换算
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应掌握km、m、dm、cm、mm、μm六种单位间的换算.其中km→m→mm→μm每一级都是千进位；m→dm→cm→mm每一级都是十进位.换算的正确写法应该是：换算数字乘以进位比例带进位后的单位.
（4）正确认识误差
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①误差产生的原因来自于测量仪器的准确程度、实验原理的局限性、环境与人为的客观因素等.因此,任何测量中的误差是不可避免的.只能努力设法减小误差,不可能消除误差.误差与错误不同,错误是由于方法不当、人为主观因素（读错、记错等）造成的,因此在实验中错误应该避免也能够避免.
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②减小误差的途径：选用准确度较高的测量仪器,改进实验方法,熟练实验技能等.在一般实验中,减小误差的有效途径是取多次测量的平均值（这种方法对偶然误差的减小有效）. 织梦内容管理系统
例2： attend的用法以及注意点[英语练习题]
思路提示：
attend侧重参加或出席会议或学术活动等.
Success attended her efforts (或 hard work). 内容来自dedecms
成功随着她的努力(或努力工作)而来.
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I encourage you to attend class . 织梦好，好织梦
所以我鼓励你们来上课.
Jack:Do you ever attend meetings? 织梦好，好织梦
杰克：那你要参加会议吗? 织梦好，好织梦
【attend,join,participate,take part in】
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这些动词或词组均含“参加,加入”之意.
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attend 侧重参加或出席会议或学术活动等. dedecms.com
join 普通用词,指加入党派、团体或游戏活动等. dedecms.com
participate 正式用词,特指参加团体活动,暗示以一个积极的角色参加. dedecms.com
take part in 侧重参加某项群众性、集体性的事业、工作或活动,突出参加者在其中发挥一定的作用.
例3： 定语从句的用法和注意事项[英语练习题]
思路提示：
定语从句及相关术语
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1.定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句,一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面.2. 关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词,关系词有关系代词和关系副词.关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有where, when, why等.关系词常有3个作用：1,引导定语从句.2,代替先行词.3,在定语从句中担当一个成分.
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,名词,代词,数词,分词,副词,不定式以及介词短语来担任,也可以由一个句子来担任． 内容来自dedecms
定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句,其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分,相当于形容词,所以又称为形容词性从句． 内容来自dedecms
2 定语
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编辑本段（一） 限定性定语从句 本文来自织梦
1. that既可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语,that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词,which在从句中作宾语则不能省略.而且,如果which在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语,注意介词不要丢掉,而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边,但有的则放在它原来的位置 本文来自织梦
2. which作宾语时,根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系,先行词与which之间的介词不能丢
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3. 代表物时多用which,但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which,这些词包括当先行词是anything, everything, nothing ,few, all, none, little, some等代词时,或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时等,这时的that常被省略
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4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人,分别作从句中的主语和宾语,whom作宾语时,要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语 copyright dedecms
5. where是关系副词,用来表示地点的定语从句 本文来自织梦
6. when引导定语从句表示时间〔注〕值得一提的是,表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导,有时不用任何关系代词,当然也不用that引导 dedecms.com
By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. I still remember the first time I met her. Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc. copyright dedecms
7. whose是关系代词,修饰名词作定语,相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格.它引导的从句可以修饰人和物, 当它引导的从句修饰物体时, 可以与 of which 调换,表达的意思一样. copyright dedecms
8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时,常用there is来引导 内容来自dedecms
There is somebody here who wants to speak to you. 这里有人要和你说话.
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编辑本段（二）非限定性定语从句
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非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明,通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开,将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立
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1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分 内容来自dedecms
2.当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的,例如：
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师.
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园.
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人,我已经读了三遍. 本文来自织梦
3.非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数,例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦.
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发. copyright dedecms
4. 有时as也可用作关系代词
5. 在非限定性定语从句中,不能用关系副词why和关系代词that,而用who, whom代表人,用which代表事物.； 内容来自dedecms
编辑本段（三）关系代词引导的定语从句
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1.who指人,在从句中做主语
(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.
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2. whom指人,在定语从句中充当宾语,常可省略. 织梦内容管理系统
(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus. copyright dedecms
(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.
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注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替,可省略.
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(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend 织梦好，好织梦
3.which指物,在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略 织梦内容管理系统
(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 本文来自织梦
(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.
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如果在从句中做宾语,就用whom或who.比如: He is the man whom/who I talk to.
如果是在从句中作主语就只能用who.比如: He is the man who has an English book. copyright dedecms
4. that指人时,相当于who或者whom；指物时,相当于which.
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在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略.
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(5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million. copyright dedecms
(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning? copyright dedecms
5. whose通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语 织梦内容管理系统
(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.
(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.whose指物时,常用以下结构来代替
(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
(4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
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(5) Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?
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(6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow? dedecms.com
编辑本段（四）注意
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介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时 内容来自dedecms
从句常由介词+关系代词引导
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(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous. dedecms.com
(2) The school in which he once studied is very famous. 本文来自织梦
(3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.
(4) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.
(5) We’ll go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about.
(6) We’ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked. dedecms.com
注意：1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用,如：look for, look after, take care of等 内容来自dedecms
(1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T) 织梦内容管理系统
(2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)
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2. 若介词放在关系代词前,关系代词指人时用whom,不可用who或者that；指物时用which,不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose
(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T) 内容来自dedecms
(2) The man with that you talked is my friend. (F)
(3) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T) dedecms.com
(4) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F) dedecms.com
3. “介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词 本文来自织梦
(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.
(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.
(3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities. 织梦内容管理系统
编辑本段（五）关系副词引导的定语从句
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1. when指时间,在定语从句中做时间状语 本文来自织梦
(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school. 织梦内容管理系统
(2) The time when we got together finally came.
2. where指地点,在定语从句中做地点状语
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(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born. 内容来自dedecms
(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
3. why指原因,在定语从句中做原因状语
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(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
(2) I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.
注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换 copyright dedecms
(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear, copyright dedecms
(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.
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(3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which./where I was born. dedecms.com
编辑本段（六）判断关系代词与关系副词 织梦好，好织梦
方法一： 用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词.不及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系副词或者是介词加关系代词；而及物动词后接宾语,则要求用关系代词.例如：
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This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. copyright dedecms
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you. 本文来自织梦
判断改错（注：先显示题,再显示答案,横线；用不同的颜色表示出.） 织梦内容管理系统
（错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
（错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. 织梦内容管理系统
（对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year. 织梦内容管理系统
（对） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside. 本文来自织梦
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起.此两题错在关系词的误用上. 织梦内容管理系统
方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词.例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days ago?
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A. where B. that C. on which D. the one 本文来自织梦
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held? dedecms.com
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one答案：
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例1 D,例2 A dedecms.com
例1变为肯定句： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.例2变为肯定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
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在句1中,所缺部分为宾语,而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用,只有the one既做了主句的表语,又可做从句的宾语,可以省略关系代词,所以应选D. dedecms.com
而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全,从句部分为句子的状语表地点,既可用副词where,又因 in the museum词组,可用介词in + which 引导地点状语.而此题中,介词on 用的不对,所以选A.
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关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时,选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)；
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先行词在从句中做状语时,应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语,when 时间状语,why 原因状语) .
编辑本段（七）介词+关系词 织梦内容管理系统
1）介词后面的关系词不能省略.
2）that前不能有介词. 本文来自织梦
3） 某些在从句中充当时间,地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when ,where和why 互换. This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
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Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
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Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
This is the reason why he came late.
This is the reason for which he came late.
编辑本段（八）先行词和关系词二合一 织梦内容管理系统
1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here. (Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替) 2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school. (what 可以用all that代替)
编辑本段（九）as,which引导的非限定性定语从句 内容来自dedecms
由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句,as和which可代整个主句,相当于and this或and that.As一般放在句首,which在句中.
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As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
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The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
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典型例题 dedecms.com
1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise. 织梦内容管理系统
A. it B. that C. which D. he 织梦好，好织梦
答案C. 此为非限定性从句,不能用 that修饰,而用which.,it 和he 都使后句成为句子,两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接.况且选he句意不通. dedecms.com
2）The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect. copyright dedecms
A. what B. which C. that D. it
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答案B. dedecms.com
which可代替句子,用于非限定性定语从句,而what不可.That 不能用于非限定性定语从句,it不为连词,使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通.
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3）It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..
A. that B. which C. as D. it 织梦好，好织梦
答案B. 本文来自织梦
as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时,这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思,且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语.但不同之处主要有两点：
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(1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首,而which不可.
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(2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词,则从句中的关系代词只能用which.. 织梦内容管理系统
在本题中,prevent由于是行为动词,所以正确选项应为B.
As 的用法例
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1. the same… as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……. dedecms.com
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
例2. as可引导非限制性从句,常带有'正如'.
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. 织梦好，好织梦
As is knew, smoking is harmful to one's health.
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As是关系代词.例1中的as作know的宾语； copyright dedecms
例2中,它充当从句的主语,谓语动词know要用被动式. 织梦内容管理系统
编辑本段（十）关系代词that 的用法 本文来自织梦
(1)不用that的情况
(a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时. 织梦内容管理系统
(错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, Is very famous here. 织梦好，好织梦
(b) 介词后不能用.
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We depend on the land from which we get our food. 织梦好，好织梦
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
(2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 内容来自dedecms
(a) 在there be 句型中,只用that,不用which.
(b) 在不定代词,如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时,只用that,不用which. dedecms.com
(c) 先行词有the only, the very,the same,the last,just修饰时,只用that. copyright dedecms
(d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时,只用that.. 内容来自dedecms
(e) 先行词既有人,又有物时.
(f) 先行词指物,在主句中作表语时．
(g) 为了避免重复． copyright dedecms
(h)先行词是the way时 织梦好，好织梦
举例：
Is this the book that you borrowed in the library?
内容来自dedecms
这是你在图书馆借的那本书吗? dedecms.com
Who that break the window should be punished．
谁打碎了窗户都要受到惩罚．
All that is needed is a supply of oil.
所需的只是供油问题. 织梦好，好织梦
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.
织梦好，好织梦
那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察.
编辑本段（十一）难点分析
dedecms.com
（一）限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况 内容来自dedecms
1．当先行词是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代词时,或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时 copyright dedecms
(1) Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said? 本文来自织梦
(2) There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world.
(3) All that can be done has been done.
内容来自dedecms
(4) There is little that I can do for you.
注意：当先行词指人时,偶尔也可以用who dedecms.com
(4) Any man that/.who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing. 织梦内容管理系统
2. 当先行词被序数词修饰 织梦好，好织梦
(1) The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.
织梦好，好织梦
3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时
(1) This is the best film that I have seen.
4. 当形容词被the very, the only 修饰时 织梦内容管理系统
(1) This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy, 本文来自织梦
(2) After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned.
当先行词指人时,偶尔也可以用who
织梦好，好织梦
(3) Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting?
5. 当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时
内容来自dedecms
(1) Who is the man that is standing there?
(2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 织梦好，好织梦
6. 当先行词既有人,也有动物或者物体时 织梦内容管理系统
(1) Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned? 内容来自dedecms
（二）关系代词as和which引导的定语从句as和which引导非限制性定语从句,有相同之处也有不同之处.具体情况是： 内容来自dedecms
1．As和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,代表前面整个句子. 内容来自dedecms
(1) He married her, as/which was natural.
(2) He was honest, as/which we can see.
2. as 引导非限制性定语从句,可放在主句之前,或者主句之后,甚至可以切割一个主句；which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后.另外,as有“正如……,正像……”的意思
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(1) As is known to all, China is a developing country.
(2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent. 织梦内容管理系统
(3) John, as you know, is a famous writer. 织梦好，好织梦
(4) He has been to Paris more than several times, which I don’t believe. 织梦好，好织梦
注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时,常用which 织梦内容管理系统
(5) Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.
本文来自织梦
3. 当先行次受such, the same修饰时,常用as 织梦内容管理系统
(1) I have never heard such a story as he tells.
(2) He is not such a fool as he looks. 织梦好，好织梦
(3) This is the same book as I lost last week.
copyright dedecms
注意：当先行词由the same修饰时,偶尔也用that引导定语从句,但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同 dedecms.com
(4) She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding. 织梦好，好织梦
她穿着她在MARY婚礼上穿过的一条裙子. 内容来自dedecms
(5) She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子.
(三）以the way为先行词的定语从句通常由in which, that引导,而且通常可以省略. copyright dedecms
(1) The way in which/ that/./ he answered the question was surprising. dedecms.com
(四) but有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句
(1) There are very few but understand his idea.
本文来自织梦
( but= who don’t )
copyright dedecms
(五) 区分定语从句和同位语从句
1．定语从句修饰先行词,它和先行词是修饰关系； 织梦好，好织梦
同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容,是补充说明的关系
(1) The plane that has just taken off is for London. 定语从句 copyright dedecms
(2) The fact that he has been dead is clear. 同位语从句
2．定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导,关系词在句中充当成分,有时可以省略；
本文来自织梦
同位语从句主要由that引导,在句中一般不做成分； dedecms.com
句子也可以由when, where, how, why, whether, what等词引导,充当成分
(1) The news he told me is true.
织梦内容管理系统
(2) The news that he has just died is true. 内容来自dedecms
(3) The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. 定语 织梦好，好织梦
(4) The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve.
3. 同位语从句和先行词一般可以用be动词发展成一个完整的句子,而定语从句不可以
(1) The idea that we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful. 同位语 织梦好，好织梦
(2) The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice. 织梦内容管理系统
(3) The fact that the earth moves around the earth is known to all. 内容来自dedecms
(4) The fact is that the earth moves around the earth.
dedecms.com
18. 定语从句
内容来自dedecms
定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词.定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出. 本文来自织梦
关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等.
关系副词有： when, where, why等. dedecms.com
18.1 关系代词引导的定语从句 dedecms.com
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分.关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致. 织梦好，好织梦
1）who, whom, that
内容来自dedecms
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是你想见的人吗?（who/that在从句中作主语） 内容来自dedecms
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. dedecms.com
他就是我昨天见的那个人.（whom/that在从句中作宾语）
2) Whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换）, 例如： copyright dedecms
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙.
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书.
3）which, that
织梦好，好织梦
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如： copyright dedecms
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣.（which / that在句中作宾语）
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了.(which / that在句中作宾语）
内容来自dedecms
〔定语从句〕介词+关系词 dedecms.com
1）介词后面的关系词不能省略.
2）that前不能有介词. dedecms.com
3）某些在从句中充当时间,地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换.例如： 本文来自织梦
This is the house in which I lived two years ago. 这是我两年前住过的房子. 本文来自织梦
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
copyright dedecms
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? 还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗?
Do you remember the day when you joined our club? 本文来自织梦
------------------------------------------------------------ copyright dedecms
= =
本文来自织梦
以上 织梦内容管理系统
例4： 新斯的明的作用,用法,注意事项?[生物练习题]
思路提示：
新斯的明为人工合成药物.化学结构中有季铵基团,脂溶性低.口服吸收少而不规则.不易透过血脑屏障,故无中枢作用.滴眼不易透过角膜,故对眼的作用较弱. 本文来自织梦
【药理作用】 新斯的明可逆性抑制Ach E,使Ach蓄积而产生M、N样作用.
dedecms.com
1、对骨骼肌的兴奋作用最强,因为新斯的明除抑制Ach E外,还能直接激动运动终板的N2受体；促进神经末梢释放Ach.
2、对胃肠道及膀胱平滑肌有较强的兴奋作用. dedecms.com
3、对心血管、腺体、眼及支气管平滑肌作用较弱. copyright dedecms
【作用机制】 新斯的明能与胆碱酯酶结合,其步骤与乙酰胆碱相似.首先是新斯的明与胆碱酯酶结合成复合物；其次是复合物裂解生成3-羟苯三甲铵和二甲胺基甲酰化胆碱酯酶,后者的水解速度较乙酰化胆碱酯酶的水解速度为慢,故酶被抑制的时间较长；最后是二甲胺基甲酰化胆碱酯酶被水解,分离出二甲胺基甲酸,胆碱酯酶活性得以恢复. 织梦内容管理系统
【临床应用】
内容来自dedecms
1、重症肌无力 本病表现为骨骼肌进行性无力,眼睑下垂,肢体无力,咀嚼和吞咽困难,严重者可出现呼吸困难,其原因为神经－肌肉间兴奋传递功能障碍,现认为该病是一种自身免疫性疾病,多数病人血清中有抗乙酰胆碱受体的抗体.皮下注射新斯的明15分钟起效,作用约持续2～4小时.过量可致病情加重而出现“胆碱能危象”,可能为：①Ach循环利用障碍所致；②运动终板处Ach大量积聚,突触后骨骼肌持续去极化所致.
2、腹气胀和尿潴留 新斯的明兴奋肠平滑肌和逼尿肌,用于术后腹胀及尿潴留. 本文来自织梦
3、阵发性室上性心动过速 在采取压迫眼球或颈动脉窦,兴奋迷走神经无效时,可用新斯的明,通过其拟胆碱作用使心率减慢. copyright dedecms
4、非去极化型肌松药和阿托品过量中毒 用于非去极化型骨骼肌松驰药如筒箭毒碱过量时的解毒.但禁用于去极化型骨骼肌松驰药如琥珀胆碱过量的中毒.因为琥珀胆碱被血浆的假性胆碱酯酶水解而失活,新斯的明抑制血浆的假性胆碱酯酶,故可加强、延长琥珀胆碱的作用. 织梦内容管理系统
【不良反应】 治疗量副作用较小.过量可产生恶心、呕吐、腹痛、肌肉颤动和肌无力加重等,后者是由于药物严重抑制胆碱酯酶,使神经肌肉接头处有大量乙酰胆碱堆积,导致骨骼肌持久去极化而阻断神经冲动的正常传递.此时应停用新斯的明,用M受体阻断药阿托品和胆碱酯酶复活药作对抗性治疗.
copyright dedecms
禁用于机械性肠梗阻、尿路阻塞和支气管哮喘. 内容来自dedecms
药理作用： 本品为抗胆碱酯酶药.常用的新斯的明是溴化新斯的明(供口服)和甲硫酸新斯的明(供注射用).
织梦内容管理系统
药动学： 本品口服吸收差且部分被破坏,所以口服剂量大于注射剂量十多倍.本品注射后消除迅速,肌注给药后平均半衰期0.89～1.2小时.在婴儿和儿童中消除半衰期明显较成人为短,但其治疗作用持续时间未必明显缩短.肾衰竭病人其半衰期明显延长.本品既可被血浆中胆碱酯酶水解,亦可在肝脏中代谢.用药量的80％可在24小时内经尿排出.其中原形药物占给药量50％,15％以3-羟基苯-3-甲基胺的代谢物排出体外.本品血清蛋白结合率为15％～25％,但进入中枢神经系统的药量很少. 内容来自dedecms
适应症： (1)重症肌无力. copyright dedecms
(2)对抗非除极化型肌松药、手术后腹气胀和尿潴留.
copyright dedecms
(3)皮下或肌内注射治疗阵发性室上性心动过速. dedecms.com
(4)用0.05％甲硫酸新斯的明滴眼液可治疗青光眼. 织梦好，好织梦
用法用量： 口服溴化新斯的明,每次15mg,每日3次；极量：每次30mg,每日100mg.皮下或肌内注射甲硫酸新斯的明,每次0.25～lmg,每日1～2次；极量每次1mg,每日5mg. 内容来自dedecms
不良反应： 1．大剂量时可引起恶心、呕吐、腹泻、流泪、流涎等. copyright dedecms
2．当本品注射给药时,应随时准备使用阿托品以对抗过量的药物作用,在某些过敏体质病人,应避免口服给药,以防本品引起过敏反应.
相互作用： 新斯的明不宜与除极化型肌松药合用,在环丙烷或氟烷麻醉过程中也不宜合用本品.新斯的明与β受体阻断药合用可使病人心率减慢及血压下降,本品与具有非除极化型阻滞作用的氨基糖苷类抗生素合用时,后者可对抗前者作用.此外,某些能干扰神经肌肉传递的药物如奎尼丁亦能使本品作用减弱,故不宜合用. copyright dedecms
注意事项： 1．禁忌证 心绞痛、癫痫、支气管哮喘,机械性肠梗阻、室性心动过速、尿路梗塞及甲状腺功能亢进等患者禁用. 本文来自织梦
2．对于刚进行肠或膀胱手术病人,使用本药应非常小心.
3．在某些病人中如心律失常、心率减慢、血压下降、迷走神经张力升高和帕金森病等,也应小心使用本品.
本品为抗胆碱酯酶药.常用的新斯的明是溴化新斯的明(供口服)和甲硫酸新斯的明(供注射用). 本文来自织梦
该文章转载自医学全在线：http://www.med126.com/pharm/2009/20090107122410_48413.shtml 本文来自织梦
相关思考练习题：
题1：粤语里的“快高长大”是什么意思？
点拨：就是快点长高长大的意思.是长辈对小孩子的祝福语言
题2：快高增高要怎么做，如何增高
点拨：1：增高的方法大致分为两种：一是穿增高鞋。二是通过食品补充长高所需的31种营养。 2：增高是指生物从小变大的过程，是细胞分裂增生演变的结果，而骨骼生长需要摄取多达31种营养的配合支持。庄稼长高需要肥料，动物长的快需要饲料，充足的营养才...
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点拨：以前用过一次，现在也不再时班上最不起眼那个了
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